Suchergebnisse

Bücher unter Verdacht - so lautete der Titel einer Ausstellung der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, bei der Beispiele von NS-Raub- und Beutebüchern aus ihren Beständen präsentiert wurden. Der Ausstellungskatalog dokumentiert nicht nur alle gezeigten Objekte, sondern gibt in kurzen Einführungen auch Informationen zum historischen Hintergrund. Wohl fast alle wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken haben während des Dritten Reiches Bücher in ihre Bestände aufgenommen, die aus beschlagnahmten Bibliotheken von Arbeitervereinen und anderen Organisationen stammten, die bei Razzien in Buchhandlungen und Verlagen von den Nationalsozialisten entwendet und an Bibliotheken weitergegeben wurden, die Privatpersonen unter Zwang abgeben mussten oder die während des Krieges in den besetzten Gebieten geraubt wurden. Viele weitere Beispiele ließen sich nennen. Der vorliegende Ausstellungskatalog gibt einen Einblick in die zeitgenössische Praxis einer Universitätsbibliothek beim Umgang mit NS-Raub- und Beutebüchern, wie sie heute genannt werden. - "Books under suspicion" was the title of an exhibition of the Göttingen State and University Library presenting examples of Nazi looted and looted books from its holdings. The exhibition catalogue not only documents all the objects on display, but also provides information on the historical background in short introductions. Probably almost all academic libraries included books in their collections during the Third Reich that came from confiscated libraries of workers' associations and other organisations, that were stolen by the National Socialists during raids on bookshops and publishing houses and given to libraries, that private individuals had to hand over under duress or that were looted in the occupied territories during the war. Many other examples could be cited. This exhibition catalogue provides an insight into the contemporary practice of a university library in dealing with Nazi looted books, as they are called today. (translated with DeepL)

Abstract:In recent literature on the restitution of Nazi-looted art, reference can be found to notions of morality as impetus for the return of cultural property to claimants who, although they may be able to evidence their ownership to an object, are stymied by onerous legal frameworks. With such claims, it is often the recognition of a moral entitlement or obligation that leads to a resolution regarding restitution. This conflation of morality with justice seems to have taken hold, in particular, with the articulation of the Washington Principles in 1998, which call on nation-states to create alternative dispute resolution processes for the fair and just resolution of Nazi-looted art claims. In determining what is fair and just in the resolution of these looted art claims, regard is often made to the strength of a party's moral claim to the property. The exercise of notions of morality is often seen as resulting in a fair and just outcome, linking morality with the fair and just solution of such cultural property claims. But, it is justice on what ground? Is morality the proper yardstick by which to determine whether outcomes of restitution claims are just and fair? This article explores the use of morality and offers an argument that it should not be the basis on which entitlement should be determined, primarily due to its amorphous nature and undefined relationship to justice. This is further supported by a claimant narrative suggesting that concepts of reconciliation and procedural fairness are of concern to claimants rather than recognition of moral entitlement. Having regard to these concerns, the article recognizes a need for a new conceptual framework from which to assess the delivery of the just and fair solution and that reflects these concerns.

Im November 1945 überstellte die britische Besatzungsbehörde der Bibliothek der Technischen Hochschule Berlin, der heutigen Technischen Universität Berlin, ca. 10.000 Bücher und Zeitschriften, die auf dem Gelände der ehemaligen Luftwaffenschulen in Berlin-Gatow lagerten. Als Bestand 'Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow' gingen sie in die TU-Bibliothek ein. 2011 ergaben Stichproben, dass sich darunter während der NS-Zeit geraubtes Gut, namentlich Kriegsbeute aus dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, befindet. In einem von der Arbeitsstelle für Provenienzforschung (seit Januar 2015 Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste) geförderten und von der Universitätsbibliothek der TU getragenen Projekt identifizierten seit 2012 Provenienzforscherinnen die vor siebzig Jahren übernommenen Bücher, Zeitschriftenbände und -hefte. Anhand von äußeren Merkmalen, wie Stempeln, Vermerken und Einbänden, und unter Zuhilfenahme von historischen Quellen versuchten sie, deren Herkunftsgeschichte zu entwirren und festzustellen, ob es sich um NS-Raubgut handelt. Die Ausstellung "KRIEGSWICHTIG! Die Bücher der Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow", die vom 01.10.–14.11.2015 in der Universitätsbibliothek der TU Berlin gezeigt wurde, wirft einen Blick auf die Institutionen, in denen die Bücher und Zeitschriften vor dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges gesammelt wurden, also die Akademien der Luftwaffe in Berlin-Gatow und deren Bibliothek sowie die Deutsche Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung, die mutmaßlich ihre Buchbestände oder Teile davon nach Gatow auslagerte. Sie widmet sich ferner der Technischen Hochschule Berlin, erzählt von dem Verlust ihres Buchbestandes infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges und den Versuchen ihrer Bibliothek, vor und nach Kriegsende naturwissenschaftliche und technische Literatur zu erwerben, um so erneut den für Forschung und Lehre notwendigen Buchbestand aufzubauen. Ausführlich wird auf die Bücher selbst eingegangen, sowohl auf den Charakter des Teilbestandes 'Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow' als auch auf das darin enthaltene Raubgut. Die als Raubgut identifizierte Literatur stammt aus Belgien, Frankreich, Polen und der Ukraine. Die vorliegende Publikation ist der Katalog zur Ausstellung. ; In November 1945, the British occupation authority handed over to the library of the Technische Hochschule Berlin, now the Technische Universität Berlin, approximately 10,000 books and magazines which were stored on the premises of the former Luftwaffe schools in Berlin-Gatow. As stocks ,Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow' they were incorporated in the TU library. In 2011 the examination of samples showed that this inventory includes goods looted during the Nazi era, notably war booty from the Second World War. In a project funded by the Arbeitsstelle für Provenienzforschung (since January 2015 Stiftung Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste) and supported by the University Library of the TU provenance researchers since 2012 identified those books, journal volumes and folders taken over seventy years ago. On the basis of external characteristics, such as stamps, annotations and bindings, and with the aid of historical sources, they tried to unravel their historical origin and determine whether it is Nazi loot. The exhibition "OF MILITARY IMPORTANCE! The books of the Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow", which is shown at the University Library of the Technische Universität Berlin from 01.10.-14.11.2015 takes a look at the institutions by which the books and magazines were collected before the end of World War II, such as the academies of the Luftwaffe in Berlin-Gatow and their library and the Deutsche Akademie für Luftfahrtforschung, which presumedly stored their book collections or part of them in Gatow. It also deals with the Technische Hochschule Berlin, tells of the loss of its book stocks due to the Second World War and the attempts of its library to acquire scientific and technical literature before and after the end of the war, to build up the necessary research and study book stocks again. Details of the books themselves are shown, the character of the partial inventory 'Luftkriegsakademie Berlin-Gatow' as well as the looted good contained therein. The literature identified as looted good stems from Belgium, France, Poland and Ukraine. This publication is the catalog of the exhibition.

Der Name Emil G. Bührle steht für die Verknüpfung von Waffen und Kultur, von Geld und Macht, für Arroganz und Knauserigkeit, für unternehmerische Kühnheit und Rücksichtslosigkeit. Bührle hat die Vorstellung kultiviert, dass die Liebe zur Kunst, das Sammeln von Kunst den Menschen veredle. Wer Sinn für das Schöne habe, könne kein schlechter Mensch sein. Bührle hatte nie Skrupel wegen seiner Tätigkeit als Waffenfabrikant – im Gegenteil. Und er hat an alle verkauft, die seine Kanonen bezahlen konnten. Hauptkunde während des Zweiten Weltkrieges war jedoch Nazideutschland.0Mit der Übernahme des grössten Teils von Bührles Kunstsammlung durch das Kunsthaus Zürich prangt der Name Bührle auf einer wichtigen öffentlichen Kulturinstitution, zumal die Stiftung Sammlung Bührle den wichtigsten Grundstock für David Chipperfields Erweiterungsbau bilden soll, der in den nächsten Jahren entsteht.0Dieses Buch geht vielen Fragen von öffentlichem Interesse nach: Woher stammen Bührles Bilder? Raubkunst und Fluchtgut. Blutgeld-Mäzenatentum auch in der Literatur. Bührle und die Nazis. Der künstlerische Wert der Bührle-Sammlung. Die Baugeschichte des Zürcher Kunsthauses.0Das Buch soll den öffentlichen Diskurs um ein schwieriges Erbe fördern und darauf verweisen, dass die Vergangenheit in Bezug auf Raub- und Fluchtkunst sich so lange zurückmeldet, bis sie wirklich aufgearbeitet ist

Das Forschungsprojekt NS-Raubgut nach 1945: Die Rolle der Zentralstelle für wissenschaftliche Altbestände wird seit 2014 in der Abteilung Historische Drucke der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SBB PK) durchgeführt. Möglich wurde dieses Projekt durch die Förderung des Deutschen Zentrums Kulturgutverluste. Gegenstand des Projektes ist die Erforschung der Wege, die einzelne Bücher und größere Buchbestände in den Jahrzehnten nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs nahmen und inwiefern sich unter diesen Büchern NS-Raubgut befand. Hierfür wird die Geschichte der 1953 in Gotha vom Staatssekretariat für Hochschulwesen der DDR eingerichteten Zentralstelle für wissen­schaftliche ­Altbestände­ (ZwA)­ rekonstruiert.­ Von ­1959 ­bis ­zu ­ihrer­ endgültigen ­Auflösung­ zum Dezember 1995 war die ZwA an der Deutschen Staatsbibliothek (DSB) bzw. der SBB PK angesiedelt. Aufgabe­ der ­ZwA ­war­ die Verteilung­ ungenutzter ­wissenschaftlicher ­Literatur.­ Sie­ tat­ dies­ primär ­im Bereich jener Bibliotheken, die dem Staatssekretariat, später dem Ministerium für Hoch- und Fachschulwesen der DDR (MHF) unterstellt waren. Unter den ca. acht Millionen Büchern, die die ZwA zwischen­1953 ­und­ 1995 ­bearbeitete,­ befanden ­sich ­auch­ Bücher,­ die ­in­ ost-­ und­ ostmitteleuropäischen Städten verlegt worden waren. In Ausnahmefällen stellte die ZwA diese Bücher nicht den Bibliotheken in ­der ­DDR, ­sondern­ den ­Nationalbibliotheken­ des mit­ ihr ­befreundeten ­sozialistischen ­Auslands­ zur Verfügung.­ Es ­wird­ anhand­ von­ in­ Prag ­verlegten ­Büchern ­dargestellt, ­um­ welche ­Schriften ­es ­sich hierbei handelte und auf Basis welcher Regularien die Buchabgaben erfolgten. Zudem wird die Frage angerissen, ­in­ welchem ­Verhältnis ­diese Bücher ­zu ­NS-Raubgut­ aus­ Ost- ­und Ostmitteleuropa­ stehen. ; The research project Nazi-Looted Books after 1945: The role of the Zentralstelle für wissenschaftliche Altbestände (ZwA) is based on previous projects of the Berlin State Library – Prussian Heritage (SBB PK) on detection of Nazi-looted books in the SBB PK and on the Reichstauschstelle and Prussian State Library (Preußische Staatsbibliothek; PSB). It is funded by the Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste (German Cultural Heritage Center; DZK) and managed by the Department of Early Printed Books of the SBB PK. The project is aimed to research the ways individual books and book collections took in the decades after WWII. For this purpose, the history of the ZwA, established in 1953 by the State Secretary for Higher Education at the Library in Gotha will be reconstructed. From 1959 until its final dissolution in December 1995, the ZwA was located at the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek (German State Library; DSB) and the SBB PK. The task of the ZwA was to "secure, record and distribute unused scientific literature". Primarily this was done among libraries subordinated to the State Secretary, than Ministry for Higher and Technical Education of the GDR. Among the estimated eight million books the ZwA distributed between 1953 and 1995 were also books from East and East Central European countries. In exceptional cases, the ZwA did not provide these books to libraries in the GDR, but to National Libraries in the People's Democracies. The essay outlines, based on books published in Prague, what kind of publications these were and regulations by which the books were distributed. Additionally, the question of the relationship between these books and Nazi-looted books from Eastern and East Central Europe is touched.

Abstract
Evelyn Tucker, a Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (MFA&A) representative, worked in the US military–occupied zone of Austria, investigating and restituting Nazi-plundered, Austrian-owned cultural property between 1946 and 1949. Her experiences remain hidden despite passing references in the scholarship covering Allied restitution of Nazi-looted, Jewish-owned cultural property, as the literature focuses on postwar Germany, not Austria. She attempted to openly criticize the US Army for the thefts by blaming the Army's appalling behavior on its lack of understanding US restitution efforts. However, she was incapable of stopping this gross negligence, and her condemnation of the Army led to her dismissal. I argue that contentious political divisions within the Allies' policymaking in occupied Austria stalled Tucker's restitution investigations, thus her work deserves critical investigation. Tucker defied expectations, and a thoughtful analysis of her contributions to the restitution process helps us gain a clearer appreciation of the political and cultural chaos of occupied Austria. In relationship to that gap, my archival research sheds light on the underappreciated role of Eve Tucker in her fight for rightful restitution.

In the wake of the Nazi regime's policies, European Jewish cultural property was dispersed, dislocated, and destroyed. Books, manuscripts, and artworks were either taken by their fleeing owners and were transferred to different places worldwide, or they fell prey to systematic looting and destruction under German occupation. Until today, a significant amount of items can be found in private and public collections in Germany as well as abroad with an unclear or disputed provenance. Contested Heritage. Jewish Cultural Property after 1945 illuminates the political and cultural implications of Jewish cultural property looted and displaced during the Holocaust. The volume includes seventeen essays, accompanied by newly discovered archival material and illustrations, which address a wide range of topics: from the shifting meaning and character of the objects themselves, the so-called object biographies, their restitution processes after 1945, conflicting ideas about their appropriate location, political interests in their preservation, actors and networks involved in salvage operations, to questions of intellectual and cultural transfer processes revolving around the moving objects and their literary resonances. Thus, it offers a fascinating insight into lesser-known dimensions of the aftermath of the Holocaust and the history of Jews in postwar Europe.

"Stolen Words is an epic story about the largest collection of Jewish books in the world--tens-of millions of books that the Nazis looted from European Jewish families and institutions. Nazi soldiers and civilians emptied Jewish communal libraries, confiscated volumes from government collections, and stole from Jewish individuals, schools, and synagogues. Early in their regime, the Nazis burned some books in spectacular bonfires, but most they saved, stashing the literary loot in castles, abandoned mine shafts, and warehouses throughout Europe. It was the largest and most extensive book-looting campaign in history. After the war, Allied forces discovered these troves of stolen books but quickly found themselves facing a barrage of questions. How could the books be identified? Where should they go? Who had the authority to make such decisions? Eventually, the army turned the books over to an organization of leading Jewish scholars called Jewish Cultural Reconstruction, Inc.--whose chairman was the acclaimed historian Salo Baron, and whose on-the-ground director was the philosopher Hannah Arendt--with the charge to establish restitution protocols. Stolen Words is the story of how a free civilization decides what to do with the material remains of a world torn asunder, and how those remains connect survivors with their past. It is the story of Jews struggling to understand the new realities of their post-Holocaust world and of Western society's gradual realization of the magnitude of devastation wrought by World War II. sMost of all, it is the story of people --of Nazi leaders, ideologues, and Judaica experts; of Allied soldiers, scholars, and scoundrels; and of Jewish communities, librarians, and readers around the world."--

In light of the current trend of repatriation of illegally acquired African art which are scattered all over galleries and museums in Europe and the Americas, consideration should also be given to the Ere Ibeji of the Yoruba. These figures are not mere objects of curiosity for Western fascination, but they are strongly tied to the birth and death of twins in Yoruba culture. This paper seeks to revisit this tradition based on literature, in line with its resultant art forms in a bid to contribute to the gamut of existing knowledge on the Yoruba twin tradition, as well as to (re)generate contemporary understanding(s) of the subject matter. Perhaps, this will aid the understanding of the significance of Ere Ibeji to the Yoruba; thereby contributing to the call for their return. The paper recommends that local preparation for the return of these artefacts should include training and re-training of the museum custodians of the cultural objects, construction, and renovation of structures to house the artefacts, and the reinforcement of legal frameworks to protect the cultural objects from illegal displacement. The paper concludes with a note that the return of looted artefacts should not begin and end with the bronzes of Benin and Ife alone, these wooden effigies from the western part of Nigeria also matter.

The Epic of Gilgamesh, a 3600-year 12-tablet collection, was looted from an Iraqi museum during the 1991 Gulf War, and fraudulently imported into the United States. In September, 2021, UNESCO facilitated its repatriation to Iraq, which is seen as an occasion to consolidate Iraq's efforts to rebuild its legacy, since the Epic of Gilgamesh is of immense cultural, historical and religious value for Iraq The current study examines the Epic of Gilgamesh in the light of the ancient Sumerian and Akkadian traditions. This collection of tablets carries a great legacy of the contemporary Babylonian and Mesopotamian beliefs and socio-religious values, also evident in the use of cuneiform and clay tablets, being ancient forms of writings. The study made use of content analysis and historical and analytical approaches to retrieve data through a documentation research design. The study found that the Epic of Gilgamesh is not only a work of religious literature, but a treatise on civilization. On one hand it narrates the stories engrained in the Mesopotamian mythology, such as those of Ninsun, Shamash and Utnapishtim; on the other hand, owing to its content, literary style and tone, characterization and symbolism, this study would be a great contribution to relive the story of Gilgamesh from current literary, and socio-religious perspective and provide a comprehensive account of the legacy and inheritance that it brings in for the modern generation.

2016 startete ein Forschungsprojekt an der Forschungsbibliothek des Herder-Instituts mit dem Ziel, den TeilbestandPublikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlemauf NS-Raubgut zu untersuchen, die einzelnen Provenienzen im OPAC zu verzeichnen und die Bücher, Broschüren und Zeitschriften, die sich zu unrecht im Besitz des Herder-Instituts befinden, an ihre rechtmäßigen Eigentümer und Eigentümerinnen bzw. deren Nachfolger und Nachfolgerinnen zurückzugeben. Das Forschungsprojekt ist Teil der von der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien vorangetriebenen Provenienzforschung in Museen, Bibliotheken und Archiven zur Ermittlung von unrechtmäßig erlangtem Kulturgut. Der BestandPublikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlementhält sowohl in Deutschland bei den Organisationen der Minderheiten beschlagnahmte als auch in Ostmittel- und Osteuropa geraubte Literatur, auf die die Publikationsstelle aufgrund ihrer Stellung in der Hierarchie des NS-Regimes Zugriff hatte. Er umfasst schätzungsweise 15 000 Objekte, von denen ein großer Teil als NS-Raubgut-verdächtig eingestuft werden muss. Es werden sechs Provenienzen vorgestellt, anhand derer zugleich verschiedene Schwierigkeiten bei der Identifikation und Bewertung von NS-Raubgut aufgezeigt werden. ; In 2016 a research project started at the library of the Herder Institute with the following aims: to investigate the whole collectionPublikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlem(Publications Unit Berlin-Dahlem), to record the provenances in the OPAC and to return books, pamphlets and journals which held illegally at the Herder-Institute to their rightful inheritors or successors. The research project is part of the provenance research being pushed forward by the Commissioner for Cultural and Media Affairs with the aim to investigate illegally obtained cultural property in museums, libraries and archives. ThePublikationsstelle Berlin-Dahlemcollected books which had been confiscated at organisations of Slavic minorities in Germany or looted by the German occupants in Eastern Europe. ThePublikationsstellewas well connected in the Nazi administration. The remains of the Publikationsstelle-library in the Herder-Institute comprises about 15 000 volumes. A major part of these is suspected to be Nazi loot. The paper presents six separate provenances, also demonstrating specific problems in identifying and assess Nazi loot.

"While the Nazi party was being condemned by much of the world for burning books, they were already hard at work perpetrating an even greater literary crime. Through extensive new research that included records saved by the Monuments Men themselves--Anders Rydell tells the untold story of Nazi book theft, as he himself joins the effort to return the stolen books. When the Nazi soldiers ransacked Europe's libraries and bookshops, large and small, the books they stole were not burned. Instead, the Nazis began to compile a library of their own that they could use to wage an intellectual war on literature and history. In this secret war, the libraries of Jews, Communists, Liberal politicians, LGBT activists, Catholics, Freemasons, and many other opposition groups were appropriated for Nazi research, and used as an intellectual weapon against their owners. But when the war was over, most of the books were never returned. Instead many found their way into the public library system, where they remain to this day. Now, Rydell finds himself entrusted with one of these stolen volumes, setting out to return it to its rightful owner. It was passed to him by the small team of heroic librarians who have begun the monumental task of combing through Berlin's public libraries to identify the looted books and reunite them with the families of their original owners. For those who lost relatives in the Holocaust, these books are often the only remaining possession of their relatives they have ever held. And as Rydell travels to return the volume he was given, he shows just how much a single book can mean to those who own it,"--Amazon.com

Using primary sources and eyewitness accounts as well as the relevant literature, the author writes about the crimes committed by Serbian military and police structures in Briševo, a village in the Prijedor Municipality with a Croatian majority population. Shelled during the first days of an 'ethnic cleansing' operation in late May 1992, Briševo was attacked two months later; a number of the locals were killed, while the village was looted and pillaged. After the attack, the remaining locals were expelled or taken to camps and other places of illegal internment. This village became a paradigm of crimes committed in the Prijedor Municipality and the whole of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A similar fate befell Bosniaks and Croats in other settlements of the Prijedor Municipality. The systematic destruction of this village during the spring and summer of 1992, and the consequences thereof, are the topic of this paper. ; Autor u radu, pozivajući se na izvornu građu i svjedočenje očevidaca te relevantnu literaturu, govori o zločinima srpskih vojnih i policijskih struktura u Briševu, selu u prijedorskoj općini većinski naseljeno Hrvatima. Granatirano u prvim danima "etničkoga čišćenja" Prijedora krajem svibnja992., Briševo je dva mjeseca kasnije napadnuto, dio mještana ubijen, a selo opljačkano i razoreno. Nakon napada njegovi su stanovnici protjerani ili odvedeni u jedan od logora i druga mjesta nezakonitih zatočenja. Ovo je selo postalo paradigmom zločina počinjenih nad Hrvatima u općini Prijedor i cijeloj Bosni i Hercegovini. Sličnu sudbinu kao briševački Hrvati doživjeli su Bošnjaci i Hrvati u drugim mjesnim zajednicama prijedorske općine. Tema je ovoga rada kako je jedno selo kontinuirano nestajalo tijekom proljeća i ljeta 1992. i koje su posljedice toga.

PART I: SETTING THE CONTEXT -- 1. Art Crime: Exposing a Panoply of Theft, Fraud and Plunder; Duncan Chappell and Saskia Hufnagel -- 2. One Looter, Two Looters, Three Looters… The Discipline of Cultural Heritage Crime within Criminology and its Inherent Measurement Problems; Marc Balcells -- 3. Art Crime Literature: A General Overview; Vicki Oliveri -- 4. The Antiquities Licit-Illicit Interface; Blythe Bowman -- 5. INTERPOL and International Trends and Developments in The Fight Against Cultural Property Crime; Saskia Hufnagel -- PART II: ART THEFT -- 6. Art Theft: An Examination of its Various Forms; Duncan Chappell and Kenneth Polk -- 7. Unsolved Art Thefts; Vicki Oliveri -- 8. "Purely Bent on Mischief": Theft From Australian Museums 1870s-1950s; Maryanne Mccubbin -- 9. Protecting Works of Art From Theft; Declan Garrett -- 10. Regional Overviews of The Policing of Art Crime in The European Union; Naomi Oosterman -- 11. Recovering Stolen Art Works: A Practical Approach; James Ratcliffe -- 12. Insurance Challenges and Art Crime; Dorit Straus -- 13. Statutes of Limitation and Other Legal Challenges to The Recovery of Stolen Art; Patty Gerstenblith -- PART III: ART FRAUD AND FORGERY -- 14. Profiling Art Forgers; Noah Charney -- 15. Examining Art Fraud; Kenneth Polk and Duncan Chappell -- 16. Case Study 1. Beltracchi and The History of Art Fraud in Germany; Saskia Hufnagel -- 17. Case Study 2. The Knoedler Art Forgery Network; Derek Fincham -- 18. Case Study 3. A Perspective from The Fakery Frontline: An Interview with an Art Forger; Duncan Chappell and Saskia Hufnagel -- 19. Unmasking Art Forgery: Scientific Approaches; Robyn Sloggett -- PART IV: ART PLUNDER -- 20. Plunder and Looting: Some Historical Reminders; Valerie Higgins -- 21. The Criminal Organization of The Transnational Trade in Cultural Objects: Two Case Studies; Neil Brodie -- 22. The Kapoor Case Including The Stolen Shiva; Michaela Boland -- 23. Cultural Heritage Offences in Latin America: Textile Traffickers, Mummy Mailers, Silver Smugglers, and Virgin Vandals; Donna Yates -- 24. Cultural Heritage Offences: A View From Asia; Stefan Gruber -- 25. Bones of Contention: The Online Trade in Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Anatomical Human Remains on Social Media; Damien Huffer, Duncan Chappell, Nathan Charlton and Brian Spatola -- 26. Forging Antiquities: The Case of Papyrus Fakes; Malcolm Choat -- 27. Case Study 4. The Gurlitt Collection And Nazi Looted Art; Saskia Hufnagel And Duncan Chappell -- 28. Blue Shield Protection of Cultural Property: A Perspective From The Field; Laurie Rush -- 29. Iconoclasm – Religious and Political Motivations For Destroying Art; Sam Hardy -- 30. Iconoclasm and Cultural Heritage Destruction During Contemporary Armed Conflicts; Joris D Kila -- 31. Protecting and Preserving Underwater Cultural Heritage in Southeast Asia; Natali Pearson -- 32. The Development of The Heritage Crime Programme in England; Mark Harrison, Mark Dunkley and Alison James -- 33. The International Politics of Cultural Heritage Crime in Cambodia: Past, Present and Future; Tess Davis and Simon Mckenzie -- 34. Preventing Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Objects: A Supply Chain Perspective; Maryia Polner -- PART V: SOME ETHICAL AND ALLIED CHALLENGES -- 35. The Return of Looted Objects to Their Countries of Origin: The Case For Change; David Gill -- 36. Illicit Antiquities in American Museums: Diversity in Ethical Standards; Christos Tsirogiannis -- 37. White-Collar Crime, Organised Crime and The Challenges of Doing Research on Art Crime; Simon Mckenzie -- 38. In Vacuums of Law We Find: Outsider Poiesis in Street Art And Graffiti; Lucy Finchett-Maddock -- 39. Taking Culture and The Balancing Act of Power; John Kerr